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Krishna Yajur Veda

A page from the Vajasneyi samhita found in the Shukla Yajurveda (Sanskrit, Devanagari script). This version of the manuscript opens with salutations to Ganesha and Sadashiva (Shaivism).

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Taittiriya Krishna Yajurveda - Original in Sanskrit - PDF Download: Yajur Veda - Chanting (Audio) Yajur Veda in Sanskrit means 'wisdom of sacrificial formulas'. This Veda compiled a century or two later than the Rig-Veda, contains prose and verse formulas that were to be pronounced by the priests performing the manual part of the sacrifice.

The Yajurveda (Sanskrit: यजुर्वेद, yajurveda, from yaj meaning 'worship',^[1] and veda meaning 'knowledge') is the Veda primarily of prose mantras for worship rituals.^[2] An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire.^[2] Yajurveda is one of the four Vedas, and one of the scriptures of Hinduism. The exact century of Yajurveda's composition is unknown, and estimated by scholars to be around 1200 to 1000 BCE, contemporaneous with Samaveda and Atharvaveda.^[3]

The Yajurveda is broadly grouped into two – the 'black' or 'dark' (Krishna) Yajurveda and the 'white' or 'bright' (Shukla) Yajurveda. The term 'black' implies 'the un-arranged, unclear, motley collection' of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the 'white' which implies the 'well arranged, clear' Yajurveda.^[4] The black Yajurveda has survived in four recensions, while two recensions of white Yajurveda have survived into the modern times.^[5]

The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda samhita includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rigveda.^[6]^[7] The middle layer includes the Satapatha Brahmana, one of the largest Brahmana texts in the Vedic collection.^[8] The youngest layer of Yajurveda text includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of Hindu philosophy. These include the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, the Isha Upanishad, the Taittiriya Upanishad, the Katha Upanishad, the Shvetashvatara Upanishad and the Maitri Upanishad.^[9]^[10]

2Text
- 2.1Recensions
4Contents
- 4.3Upanishads
5Manuscripts and translations

Etymology[edit]

Yajurveda text describes formula and mantras to be uttered during sacrificial fire (yajna) rituals, shown. Offerings are typically ghee (clarified butter), grains, aromatic seeds, and cow milk.

Yajurveda is a compound Sanskrit word, composed of yajus (यजुस्) and veda (वेद). Monier-Williams translates yajus as 'religious reverence, veneration, worship, sacrifice, a sacrificial prayer, formula, particularly mantras muttered in a peculiar manner at a sacrifice'.^[11]Veda means 'knowledge'. Johnson states yajus means '(mostly) prose formulae or mantras, contained in the Yajur Veda, which are muttered'.^[12]

Michael Witzel interprets Yajurveda to mean a 'knowledge text of prose mantras' used in Vedic rituals.^[2] Ralph Griffith interprets the name to mean 'knowledge of sacrifice or sacrificial texts and formulas'.^[13] Carl Olson states that Yajurveda is a text of 'mantras (sacred formulas) that are repeated and used in rituals'.^[14]

Text[edit]

Recensions[edit]

The Yajurveda text includes Shukla Yajurveda of which about 16 recensions are known, while the Krishna Yajurveda may have had as many as 86 recensions.^[5] Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda have survived, Madhyandina and Kanva, and others are known by name only because they are mentioned in other texts. These two recensions are nearly the same, except for a few differences.^[5] In contrast to Shukla Yajurveda, the four surviving recensions of Krishna Yajurveda are very different versions.^[5]

Shukla Yajurveda[edit]

The samhita in the Shukla Yajurveda is called the Vajasaneyi Samhita. The name Vajasaneyi is derived from Vajasaneya, the patronymic of Yajnavalkya, and the founder of the Vajasaneyi branch. There are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita (VS): Vajasaneyi Madhyandina and Vajasaneyi Kanva.^[5] The lost recensions of the White Yajurveda, mentioned in other texts of ancient India, include Jabala, Baudhya, Sapeyi, Tapaniya, Kapola, Paundravatsa, Avati, Paramavatika, Parasara, Vaineya, Vaidheya, Katyayana and Vaijayavapa.^[15]

Recensions of the White Yajurveda^[16]
Recension Name	Adhyayas	Anuvakas	No. of Verses	Regional presence	Reference
Madhyandina	40	303	1975	Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, North India	^[17]
Kanva	40	328	2086	Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu	^[18]

Krishna Yajurveda[edit]

There are four surviving recensions of the Krishna Yajurveda – Taittirīya saṃhitā, Maitrayani saṃhitā, Kaṭha saṃhitā and Kapiṣṭhala saṃhitā.^[19] A total of eighty six recensions are mentioned to exist in Vayu Purana, however vast majority of them are believed to be lost.^[20] The Katha school is referred to as a sub-school of Carakas (wanderers) in some ancient texts of India, because they did their scholarship as they wandered from place to place.^[21]

Recensions of the Black Yajurveda^[16]
Recension Name	No. of Sub-recensions^[22]	Kanda	Prapathaka	No. of Mantras	Regional presence	Reference
Taittiriya	2	7	42	South India	^[23]
Maitrayani	6	4	54	Western India	^[24]
Kāṭhaka (Caraka)	12	5	40	3093	Kashmir, North India, East India	^[22]^[25]
Kapiṣṭhala	5	6	48	Haryana, Rajasthan	^[25]^[26]

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